self-discrepancy theory, we have three main selves: who we think we are, who we want to become, and who we think we ought to be. In other words, our current, ideal, and ought selves. Research shows when there’s a discrepancy between who we think we are and who we ought to be or who we are striving to be, negative emotions abound.

WHEN DOING THINGS to cause myself physical and mental discomfort, I view myself—or at any rate, a part of me—as an opponent in a kind of game. This opponent—my “other self,” as it were—is on evolutionary autopilot: He wants nothing more than to be comfortable and to take advantage of whatever opportunities for pleasure present themselves. My other

We all want better lives for our future selves. However, when the moment of decision arrives, instant gratification usually wins. You are no longer making a choice for Future You, who dreams of being fitter or wealthier or happier. You are choosing for Present You, who wants to be full, pampered, and entertained.