Sublime

the use of testing as a tool for learning.

The gap between research and practice is understandable. When cognitive scientists study the mind, they intentionally isolate mental processes (for example, learning or attention) in the laboratory in order to make them easier to study. But mental processes are not isolated in the classroom. They all operate simultaneously, and they often interact

The Takeaway

Perkins argues that there are basically three kinds of intelligence. The first he calls neural intelligence, which is essentially the innate ‘envelope of ability’

For optimal learning, the brain must avoid any distraction.

And all learners benefit from focused attention, active engagement, error feedback, and a cycle of daily rehearsal and nightly consolidation—I call these factors the “four pillars” of learning,

The better you know something, the more difficult it becomes to teach it. So says physicist and educator Eric Mazur of Harvard. Why? As you get more expert in complex areas, your models in those areas grow more complex, and the component steps that compose them fade into the background of memory (the curse of knowledge).

initiative and gave his permission. Soon

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