particiaptory process

Framework : Based on IAP2’s participation spectrum (inform, consult, collaborate, empower) – simplified into three categories:

1. Information – One-way communication (authorities → citizens).
   
   
   Examples : Official documents, newsletters, “Seattle in Progress” map-based platform, Envision Scenario Planning (ESP).


2. Consultation – Limited two-way

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There was a consensus on the convenience of meeting online, emphasising how much easier participation had been “for people [...] after work” or “for someone who has childcare responsibilities”. Recording such live events enabled people to play back meetings in case they were interested but not able to attend

According to Rowe and Frewer (2000), these can be identified into two categories. One is the ‘elicit input in the form of opinions’, such as public opinion surveys and focus groups. The second is the ‘elicit judgments and decisions from which actual policy might be derived’, including consensus conferences and citizens’ juries (Rowe and Frewer,... See more

The first approach is the public opinion surveys, as outlined in Table x. Since participants cannot have resources through structured access to enable them to make good decisions, such situations may lead to biases and misunderstandings that are almost impossible for resolution. This method also has its advantages, which lie in clarifying bases of... See more

Afzalan and Mulle r (2018) conclude that issues around privacy, ethics, security and equity should still remain key considerations when exploring online participation.

Boundary Objects : Shared artifacts (e.g., 3D models, sketches, reports) that mediate professional-citizen collaboration.