economics

As a result, food prices increase, real wages decline, and per capita consumption, especially among the poorer strata, drops. Economic distress leads to lower reproduction and higher mortality rates, resulting in a slower population growth.

For much of the past three decade we have seen the opposite, so the household share of the rapidly growing pie has contracted while the state share has expanded. This must be reversed.

In FY 2010-11 the share of consumer credit in total bank credit was only 19%. By FY2023-24 this increased to around 33%. Nearly half of this credit is unsecured or quasi-secured (secured against weak collateral), which makes it riskier. In the post-pandemic period, much of the growth in bank credit has in fact been driven by growth in consumer

Hyman Philip Minsky (b. 23 September 1919, d. 24 October 1996) was best known for his Financial Instability Hypothesis of the business cycle, which emphasized the dynamics of business investment finance as a recurring cause of macroeconomic instability (Minsky 1972, 1980). During a boom, the expansion of debt-financed investment spending causes

The United States’ tax receipts are more correlated to asset prices than most other countries, with tax receipts lagging the performance of the stock market. This can be seen in both absolute terms and year-over-year terms:

The discount rate can be viewed as a composite of the expected real return (reflecting consumption preferences), expected inflation (to capture the purchasing power of the cash flow), and a premium for uncertainty associated with the cash flow.

One problem with most LDC securities markets is that there is a very poor balance of investors.

In the end, Minsky came to think of his own financial instability hypothesis as a completion of Keynes’ work by filling in the details of the financial system, the “logical hole” (p. 63) that Keynes left out in his own academic formulations.

Table A24 World trade in commercial services by category, 2022 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share 2022 Exports Commercial services Goods-related services Transport Travel Other commercial services Imports Commercial services Goods-related services Transport Travel Other commercial services Note : For information on asymmetries, see the