economics

The freedom of the part varies with the security of the whole; individualism will diminish in America and England as geographical protection ceases.

A country with well over 100% debt-to-GDP has two main choices in this scenario. The first choice is that they can keep interest rates very low despite periods of price inflation that occurs, and debase all of the currency holders and bond holders. Japan is far enough into fiscal dominance that they’ve chosen that route. The second choice is that

Because the purpose of investment today is to increase consumption tomorrow, if the increase in income inequality is expected to be permanent, the desired amount of productive investment is actually likely to decline.

How big is this sector? Estimates suggest the total commercial real estate market is worth around $45–50 billion, growing at a steady 8–10% annually. That’s solid growth, especially given the ups and downs we’ve seen in recent years.

He pointed out that the Quantity Theory of Money showed us there is another critical measure to consider - velocity of money. IN practice, we can only observe this after the fact, but as a gauge of the propensity for companies and business to demand the use of money, there are many things we can watch - mortgages, auto loans, credit card usage etc.

In absolute terms, total credit card spending has become large now. In absolute terms, the total spending through credit cards has almost tripled in the last 5 years. In FY25, the total spending through credit cards was over 6% of GDP or ₹21 trillion (US$250bn) in absolute terms. And almost 100% of the credit card payments are final household

If most people fear, for example, that the supply of dollars is going to be even greater a year from now than at present, then the present value of the dollar (as measured by its purchasing power) will be lower than the present quantity of dollars would otherwise warrant.

Real private final consumption expenditure has been averaging at 3.5-4 per cent over the past five years despite the exuberant leveraged spending. And while the contraction in financial savings was seen as a sign of improving household confidence, it ironically accompanied a languid actual consumption, indicating faltering real incomes.

Indeed, the

We can clarify our thinking if we put our chief emphasis where it belongs—on policies that will maximize production.