Behavioral Psychology

In short: The first half of the twentieth century was about mastering the physical world, the first half of the twenty-first has been about escaping it.

This shift has moral as well as economic consequences. When a society pushes its citizens to take only financial risks, it hollows out the virtues that once made collective life possible: trust,... See more

Since Freud, psychologists have distinguished between theories of autoplastic and alloplastic change. With autoplastic change, the problem is the patient, and the patient must first improve himself. With alloplastic adaptation, the problem is the environment, and the subject should change his surroundings.

People who value choices over happiness never argue about it. They are proud of it. People who value happiness over having a life full of interesting opportunities get indignant over being accused that they made that choice.

In Freudian language, ambivalence is the ability to hold contradictory feelings toward a person. A child loves their mother, but can also sometimes be extremely angry at her. A person holds love and hate, attraction and disgust, excitement and boredom, connection and disconnection with a person. The ability to be able to hold these contradictions... See more

According to Jung, synchronicities often arise during periods of psychological transformation—what he called individuation, the process of becoming a whole, integrated person. When unconscious material is rising toward consciousness, meaningful coincidences tend to appear in clusters, as if the psyche and the universe are in dialogue.

The spacing effect was reported in 1885 by a German psychologist called Hermann Ebbinghaus. He observed that we tend to remember things more effectively, if we spread reviews out over time, instead of studying multiple times in one session.

One recent study in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology found that while men in the workplace may view women’s status gains positively, their power gains are, in contrast, perceived as negative and threatening. So threatening, in fact, that the researcher behind the study, Sonya Mishra, observed that they push men toward more... See more

The authors link this to the so-called Tocqueville paradox, which suggests that social progress can, paradoxically, lead to greater frustration.