From their research, they were able to find the "four necessary components of people's notion of courage".[47] They are:

1. "intentionality/deliberation"[47]


2. "personal fear"[47]


3. "noble/good act"[47]


4. "and personal risk"[47]

With these four components, they were able to define courage as:

a willful, intentional act, executed after mindful deliberation,

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