From their research, they were able to find the "four necessary components of people's notion of courage".[47] They are:

1. "intentionality/deliberation"[47]


2. "personal fear"[47]


3. "noble/good act"[47]


4. "and personal risk"[47]

With these four components, they were able to define courage as:

a willful, intentional act, executed after mindful deliberation,

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an exceptional response to specific external conditions or circumstances

the ability to act for a meaningful (noble, good, or practical) cause, despite experiencing the fear associated with perceived threat exceeding the available resources

because of a lack of an operational definition, the advancement of research in courage is limited.

According to the Swiss psychologist Andreas Dick, courage consists of the following components:[41]

1. put at risk, risk or repugnance, or sacrifice safety or convenience, which may result in death, bodily harm, social condemnation or emotional deprivation;


2. a knowledge of wisdom and prudence about what is right and wrong in a given moment;


3. Hope and

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According to Maya Angelou, "Courage is the most important of the virtues, because without courage you can't practice any other virtue consistently. You can practice any virtue erratically, but nothing consistently without courage."

Ernest Hemingway famously defined courage as "grace under pressure"

For religion is the state of being grasped by the power of being itself

Courage is the self-affirmation of being in spite of the fact of non-being.