Sublime

Europe, as noted earlier, has in a short span of time gone from being the most predictable and stable region—one where history seemed to have truly ended (as suggested in an influential essay published in 1989 by the American political scientist Francis Fukuyama)—to something dramatically different. Democracy, prosperity, and peace all seemed firml

Historian Tony Judt notes that the state of affairs was so bad in postwar Europe that only the state could offer hope of salvation to the masses of displaced people. So it did. Everything from generous unemployment insurance to universal health care became common after the war in ways that never caught on in America.

Comme le souligne le philosophe italien Antonio Gramsci, les options politiques qui triomphent à un moment donné de l’histoire dépendent largement de l’atmosphère métapolitique ou culturelle des sociétés dans lesquelles elles sont mises en compétition. Or l’individualisme a jusqu’ici gagné toutes les batailles culturelles.

As the filmmaker Adam Curtis told The Economist, ‘People are frightened of instability. But the job of a good politician is to give them a story that says “yes this is risky, but it’s also thrilling and it might just lead to something extraordinary.”’