Sublime

The most credible estimate may be from the International Organization for Migration, which projects about 200 million climate refugees by 2050.

Look for the ones that are setting themselves up to get to zero. Their emissions might not be changing much now,

There are various ways, including a carbon tax or cap-and-trade program, to ensure that at least some of these external costs are paid by whoever is responsible for them.

Businesses should be advising government R&D programs so that basic and applied research is focused on the ideas

One last point: economists tend to be skeptical of any attempt to change people’s behavior that doesn’t change their incentives. For example, a plan that calls on manufacturers to reduce pollution voluntarily probably won’t be effective because it hasn’t changed manufacturers’ incentives.

cooperation at scale. The state, business, and civil society all have roles to play in creating the

In the scientific argument over global warming, the truth seems to be mostly on one side: the greenhouse effect almost certainly exists and will be exacerbated by manmade CO2 emissions. This is very likely to make the planet warmer. The impacts of this are uncertain, but are weighted toward unfavorable outcomes.

protect themselves from the storms that are getting more violent, shore up storm-water drainage systems, and raise wharves so they stay above rising tides.

“When people have to pay more and own more of the risk themselves, their decisions about where and how they live will change.”