Sublime

Writes Gopnik, “What liberalism has in its favor are the facts. Liberals get nothing accomplished—except everything, eventually.”11 Liberals, he tells us, believe in reform rather than revolution because the results are in: it works better. More permanent positive social change is made incrementally rather than by revolutionary transformation. This

L’élargissement du principe démocratique dans l’organisation de l’OIC correspond à un moment de révolte contre les imaginaires partagés de la Société des nations et de la Chambre de commerce internationale (CCI) tels qu’ils s’étaient exprimés à la Conférence économique mondiale de 1927. Fini le temps où seul le principe de l’intégration négative

The Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648, codified this new understanding. The treaty in many ways established the modern international system, one dominated by countries and the principle of sovereignty.

postliberalism views human beings as relational and freedom as a balance between autonomy and self-restraint.

The liberal story cherishes human liberty as its number one value. It argues that all authority ultimately stems from the free will of individual humans, as expressed in their feelings, desires, and choices. In politics, liberalism believes that the voter knows best. It therefore upholds democratic elections. In economics, liberalism maintains that

This ungovernable “post-sovereign” world, in the words of the political scientist Wendy Brown, will go far beyond a sense of near-term fragility; it will be instead a long-term macro-trend toward deep instability grinding away over decades. The first result will be massive new concentrations of power and wealth that reorder society.

Key to this conception of politics is the idea that we are embodied beings who flourish when we are embedded in interpersonal relationships and institutions giving us meaning as well as agency. Such a politics is postliberal and communitarian – one that avoids the excesses of liberalism without succumbing to the errors of populism or the oligarchic

However, since the global financial crisis of 2008 people all over the world have become increasingly disillusioned with the liberal story. Walls and firewalls are back in vogue. Resistance to immigration and to trade agreements is mounting. Ostensibly democratic governments undermine the independence of the judiciary system, restrict the freedom