Sublime

argues that Enlightenment liberalism, from which both U.S. parties are descended, is built on the premise that humans are by nature “free and independent,” and that the purpose of government is to liberate the autonomous individual.

There is a sharply contrasting modern tradition which holds that the variety and heterogeneity of human goods is such that their pursuit cannot be reconciled in any single moral order and that consequently any social order which either attempts such a reconciliation or which enforces the hegemony of one set of goods over all other is bound to turn

La démocratie est prise sous un feu croisé : par le haut avec la possible apparition d’un despote ; par le bas en raison de la tyrannie de l’opinion publique et du développement de l’individualisme au détriment du bien commun.

Rawls explicitly stated that “welfare state capitalism” could never fully achieve his principles of justice.[71] Rather, we need to reimagine our economic model in a more fundamental way—embracing a more universal approach to meeting basic needs, developing a comprehensive agenda to increase earnings and share society’s wealth, and putting

Populist movements — on both the right and left — argue that liberalism has failed to deliver on its lofty ideals. Instead of liberty, equality, and prosperity, it has brought about widening inequality, the breakdown of traditional communities, and unchecked power for an elite class that is increasingly detached from ordinary people.

Tocqueville a pointé la puissance des sentiments identitaires en politique : « Il n’y a au monde que le patriotisme et la religion qui puissent faire marcher pendant longtemps vers un même but l’universalité des citoyens45. » Or le réveil des passions nationalistes et religieuses entraîne le renouveau de la contestation de la liberté politique par