Sublime

In the first, lowest level we find Darwinian creatures, with their competences pre-designed and fixed, created by the R&D of evolution by natural selection. They are born “knowing” all they will ever “know”; they are gifted but not learners.

only when life-forms are separate and distinct from one another can an entity benefit from the acquisition of a favorable mutation and win out over the others.

If research clearly shows that the effects of natural selection and random mutation are limited, why do so many smart scientists still hold that Darwinism is the major force behind the development of life?

Similarly, Darwin resolved a problem that was not a problem at all in nineteenth-century biology, because his contemporaries were convinced that they already knew the answer.

publicly visible.

According to the theory of evolution, all biological entities – from elephants and oak trees to cells and DNA molecules – are composed of smaller and simpler parts that ceaselessly combine and separate.

An organism, even a primitive one, needs to be an entity distinct from its environment and distinct from other organisms. It needs to be encased in some sort of envelope.

Unlocking the secrets of telomerase required purifying the whole machine—RNA plus protein—