Sublime

Marx saw history as an ongoing struggle between the social classes of each era, the outcome of which was based on the “tension and antagonism” of the struggle. In Marx’s view, this meant capitalist society was a historical stage, not a permanent one. As an economist, he contested the classical view of market growth as a force that produced harmonio

Avec Que faire ? qui date de 1902, Lénine s’inscrit à nos yeux dans la lignée de Filippo Buonarroti (dont il n’avait sans doute jamais entendu parler) et d’Auguste Blanqui (avec lequel il a toujours marqué ses distances, « blanquiste » sous sa plume étant loin d’être un compliment). Tout dans cette lignée repose sur un parti de révolutionnaires pro

Even Marx, a profound critic of the new system, was in awe when he wrote in 1848: The bourgeoisie … has been the first to show what man’s activity can bring about. It has accomplished wonders far surpassing Egyptian pyramids, Roman aqueducts, and Gothic cathedrals; it has conducted expeditions that put in the shade all former Exoduses of nations an

The challenge was how to ensure that capitalism served the people. Some supposed answers came from Europe and Russia. One was state ownership of monopolies and the largest enterprises—socialism, as it was called. A more radical one was found in communism—common ownership of all “means of production,” in Karl Marx’s words. A third was to turn large

THE PRODUCTION OF TOO MANY USEFUL THINGS RESULTS IN TOO MANY USELESS PEOPLE. KARL MARX

Karl Marx theorized,9 labor under industrialized capitalism alienated workers from the products of their

Cette dichotomie entre l’objectif et le subjectif a largement été remise en cause, et la relation entre subjectivité et structures sociales peut être appréhendée d’une manière plus complexe. Parmi les premiers à avoir thématisé cette question, Karl Marx, défenseur d’une vision matérialiste du monde social, ancrée dans les rapports de production et

It has resolved personal worth into exchange value, and in place of the numberless indefeasible chartered freedoms, has set up that single, unconscionable freedom — Free Trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation.