Sublime

In the 1930s, Max Kleiber, a Swiss agricultural biologist, observed that, across mammal species, from shrews to elephants, the energy required to maintain basic metabolic function is closely correlated with an organism’s body size.

My final player on this list is nitric oxide (NO). It is almost impossible to overstate the importance of nitric oxide (NO) on cardiovascular health. It was discovered about the same time as endothelial progenitor cells during the mid-1990s.

By simulating as many as 20 million possible ganglion circuits, Marder’s lab found that the vast majority aren’t capable of producing the needed rhythms, but certain specific configurations are. Each lobster, through some combination of genes and development, finds its way to one of these functioning configurations.

Garlic

By 1932, the historian Henry E. Sigerist had noted that medicine’s systemizing impulses were “no longer concerned with man but with disease,” as Anderson and Mackay point out.

Margulis was intrigued by the fact that the mitochondria in cells have their own genes. Mitochondria are the cells’ intracellular power factories and supply the energy for all living metabolism. Standard theory had it that only the genes in the nucleus of cells had any importance; the genes in mitochondria were considered irrelevant. Margulis