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flows between places was often reasonably well described
Luis M. A. Bettencourt • Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems
not fall victim to extreme positions of either overgeneralization or sterile particularism.
Luis M. A. Bettencourt • Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems
Urban areas are mixing populations
Luis M. A. Bettencourt • Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems
Larger cities attract longer-range migration.
Luis M. A. Bettencourt • Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems
The result has been the systematic construction of Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)
Luis M. A. Bettencourt • Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems
Three approaches deserve some discussion: maximum-entropy estimation of flows, the radiation model, and a variant of urban scaling theory.
Luis M. A. Bettencourt • Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems
demographic growth, by which city populations increase (or decrease) over time.