Sublime

Force is the rate at which momentum is changing with time.

This involves, first, understanding powers of ten; second, visualizing data over a wide range of magnitudes on graphs using logarithmic scales; and third, appreciating the meaning of magnitude scales, such as the decibel (dB) scale for the loudness of sounds and the Richter scale for the strength of earthquakes.

The Sharpe ratio uses standard deviation to determine if an investor is getting enough return for the risk he’s taking. The exam might say that the Sharpe ratio measures the excess return per unit of risk. Mathematically, it would be the actual return you get minus the “riskless rate of return,” divided by the standard deviation.

the wave equation produced results that said that waves actually live in three dimensions—that is, they are particle-like—and these particles could jump between quantum states of energy.

the further the peaks (averages) of these distributions are, the higher the power and the lower probability of a Type 2 error (that the null hypothesis will be accepted incorrectly). This is most logical, as the further the averages of the distributions are from each other, the more obvious the difference between the hypotheses becomes, thus making

The maximum rate at which information can be sent over a channel without errors is known as the channel’s capacity.