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During menstruation, the functional layer of the endometrium is shed, which is followed by reepithelialization, regeneration, and cellular proliferation during the proliferative phase. Differentiation and secretory transformation of the endometrial glands occurs during the subsequent secretory phase and, if pregnancy does not occur, the entire... See more

Monocytes and macrophages in tissues are known to play active roles in pain by producing a range of pronociceptive molecules. These include cytokines, neurotrophins, and prostaglandins that can activate nerves by binding to their cognate receptors, triggering intracellular signaling cascades that induce sensitization by activation or up-regulation... See more

We identified that disease-modified macrophages exhibit increased expression of IGF-1 in an in vitro model of endometriosis-associated macrophages and confirmed expression by lesion-resident macrophages in mice and women. Concentrations of IGF-1 were elevated in peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis and positively correlate with their pain... See more

“Histologically, endometriotic lesions are quite diverse. Clement (2007) first emphasized the presence of both epithelial and stromal cell types, while Greaves et al. (2017) showed how this tissue recruits immune cells that create a chronic inflammatory environment. Forster et al. (2019) expanded on this by linking vascularization to lesion growth,... See more

To do so, method unification, transparency, biobanking, and robust clinical phenotyping of patient-derived samples will be necessary to fully leverage organoids as a powerful resource for advancing the gynaecological field and reproductive biology. Specifically for endometriosis, organoids offer an unprecedented opportunity to study this complex... See more

rganoids are a promising innovative tool to investigate the mechanistic features of endometriotic aetiology and advance the identification of potential novel therapeutic targets to treat those whose lives are compromised by endometriosis.

Endometriosis remains one of the most poorly understood conditions due to its molecular, hormonal, cellular, and heterogeneric complexity, and an overall lack of funding for research into female-only diseases (Smith, 2023; Zondervan et al. , 2023).