Social Work

Womanist theory

Originating from the experiences of African-American women, this is an intersectional framework that is a more specific application of multicultural feminism. 

• Core idea: It focuses on the unique, multilayered oppression faced by women of color, considering the intersections of race, gender, and class. It values the strengths,

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Multicultural theory

This is a conceptual framework that emphasizes the importance of a client's culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and other social identities in both understanding and treating them. 

• Core idea: A person's life experiences, mental health, and worldview are deeply shaped by their cultural context. It critiques mainstream psychology

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Person-centered theory

Developed by Carl Rogers, this humanistic theory is grounded in the belief that people are inherently good and have a tendency toward growth and self-actualization. 

• Core idea: The therapist's role is to provide a non-directive, empathetic, and accepting environment where clients can explore their own feelings and find their

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Cognitive behavior (CBT) and behavioral theories

These theories focus on observable behavior and the role of thoughts in shaping that behavior. While related, they have distinct emphases. 

• Behavioral theory: Focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through conditioning (reinforcement, punishment, and association). Therapy involves

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Ego psychology

A derivative of Freudian psychoanalytic theory, ego psychology focuses on the conscious self ("the ego") and its capacity for adaptation and effective functioning. 

• Core idea: A healthy ego mediates between a person's unconscious drives and the demands of the external world. Ego strength includes traits like resilience, self-esteem,

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Strengths theory

This framework, often used in therapy, focuses on an individual's internal resources and resiliencies rather than their deficits or pathologies. 

• Core idea: Every person has inherent strengths and capabilities that can be leveraged to overcome challenges. The approach builds on these positive attributes.

• Application: In therapy, the

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Genetics and neurological theory

This perspective focuses on the biological and inherited basis of human behavior, personality, and mental health. 

• Core idea: Behavior is significantly influenced by genetic predispositions, brain structure, neurochemistry, and physiological processes.

• Application: Research in this area uses tools like neuroimaging and

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