Racism

Being a Black American requires double consciousness, in the words of W. E. B. Du Bois, the habit of seeing from inside the logic of race and the lives of the racialized, and from the external superego of what it means to be American, with all its archetypes and interests.

The logic of apartheid is difficult to follow, for it seems from our vantage point a strange kind of illogic. Liberal multiculturalism takes for granted that the route to racial harmony is mutual understanding, and the route to understanding is contact, exposure, conversation. So our modern studies show that those who know actual black people, or

If we hope to end the disasters that the patriarchy has wrought, we have to begin within, and change the neural pathways that the patriarchy has carved into our thinking. In other words, we have to decolonize our minds.

the history of ethnic racism, of African Americans commonly degrading Africans as “barbaric” or routinely calling West Indians in 1920s Harlem “monkey chasers”—or when I remembered my own taunts of Kwame back in eighth grade—I tried not to run away from the hypocrisy, either. How can I get upset at immigrants from Africa and South America for

Sovereignty: Who is ultimately in control, and how? Is there too much reliance on external resources? What happens to the value that derives from labor and culture? How easy is it for individuals and communities to exit if they so choose? • Democracy: How can participants be part of the flows of power? Are those flows explicitly stated and widely

One either allows racial inequities to persevere, as a racist, or confronts racial inequities, as an antiracist.

The only remedy to past discrimination is present discrimination.

Research has also shown that a major reason for this racial disparity can be attributed to the beliefs held by judges and others about the cause of the criminal behavior.17 For example, the criminal behavior of white juveniles is often seen as caused by external factors—the youth comes from a single-parent home, is having a hard time right now,