emergence

If you believe Stephen Wolfram, the entire universe is basically just a big state machine, ticking away.

Either you say everything is overdetermined, or you say that only the microscale is really doing anything (the classic reductionist option).

You can describe a computer down at the microscale of its physical logic gates, in the middle mesoscale of its machine code, or up at the macroscale of its operating system. You can describe the brain as a massive set of molecular machinery ticking away, but also as a bunch of neurons and their input-output signals, or even as the dynamics of a