They can make public land available at discounted prices, embed cultural infrastructure into zoning and planning frameworks, or partner with philanthropists and ethical finance providers to make capital more readily available.

Funders are beginning to shift their attention from one-off capital projects to long-term investment, leadership development, and permanent affordability mechanisms.

The conversation is moving from ‘finding space for the arts’ to seeing culture as a core element of the city’s infrastructure that delivers wider public value

50% of our cities collect formal data to identify creative space supply and need but further evidence is needed. City governments can be more than just regulators – they can act as conveners, brokers and champions