The overwhelming prevalence of endometriosis and the unknown aeteology highlight the need for a better understanding of the basic biology of endometriosis formation and persistence to enable subsequent identification of targets for effective therapies for endometriosis.

The lack of menstrual shedding and the immune differences in animal models of endometriosis limit the translational potential to human applications.

Primary endometrial epithelial cells cultured on hard plastic (i.e. polystyrene) dishes rapidly undergo de-differentiation (Zhou et al. , 2022) and, in the presence of serum, further lose physiological attributes (Ghosh and Sengupta, 1995) and epithelial barrier integrity, and have increased cellular senescence by the third cell passage (Arnold et... See more

As an emerging model system, it is important to define protocols and identify the remaining challenges surrounding endometrial organoid culture to increase reproducibility and scientific rigour in endometriosis research.

Endometriosis affects an estimated 190 million women (and those assigned female at birth) worldwide, with a significant personal and societal burden due to its painful and fertility-related symptoms (Nnoaham et al. , 2011; Zondervan et al. , 2020)

Endometriosis remains one of the most poorly understood conditions due to its molecular, hormonal, cellular, and heterogeneric complexity, and an overall lack of funding for research into female-only diseases (Smith, 2023; Zondervan et al. , 2023).

While animal models of endometriosis are important to study the establishment, progression, and regression of endometriosis via the surgical induction of disease (Bruner et al. , 1995; Grümmer, 2012; Burns et al. , 2025; Dodds et al. , 2025; Hull et al. , 2025), most of these experimental animals do not naturally develop this disease and limit... See more

rganoids are a promising innovative tool to investigate the mechanistic features of endometriotic aetiology and advance the identification of potential novel therapeutic targets to treat those whose lives are compromised by endometriosis.

here is no known cure, and treatments are associated with low long-term success rates and significant side effects (Johnson et al. , 2013).