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Pooja explains that in her part of the project, she’ll be looking at the metagenome. Samples of ancient bone don’t just contain the DNA of the human they once belonged to, but also genetic material from any pathogens that the human might have been carrying around with them. She would be looking for genetic traces of systematic infections, like TB,

Inoculation and vaccination were both introduced on the basis of the same beliefs and superstitions, not on the basis of science, and they both generated an increased incidence of and mortality from the disease known as smallpox.

During the 19th century there was a great deal of opposition in England to the practice of vaccination and this led to the creation in 1866 of an anti-vaccination movement, particularly after the enactment of the compulsory Vaccination Acts. The movement gained momentum after further and more stringent compulsory Vaccination Acts had been passed an

Other than this rejected paper no further ‘scientific’ work was submitted by Edward Jenner to the Royal Society for approval on the topic of vaccination, as Herbert Shelton explains, “Neither Jenner nor any of his successors ever re-presented the claims for this vaccine, together with proofs, to the Royal Society…”

The result of this focus on ‘germs’ has been the alleged ‘discovery’ of vast numbers of so-called ‘pathogens’, as described in a 2001 article entitled Risk factors for human disease emergence that states, “A comprehensive literature review identifies 1415 species of infectious organism known to be pathogenic to humans…” The article adds the comment