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So, highly virulent, bubonic plague was rife as early as the first millennium BCE. There seems to be a biblical record that fits the picture – in 1 Samuel – describing a disease outbreak among the Philistines, after they capture the Ark of the Lord from the Israelites: ‘Soon after receiving the Ark, rats appeared in the land and death and destructi

E. coli’s bacteriophages were not all alike. Some could infect certain E. coli strains but not others. By triggering mutations in the viruses, the scientists could cause the viruses to infect new strains. The ability to infect E. coli passed down from virus to virus.

Pooja explains that in her part of the project, she’ll be looking at the metagenome. Samples of ancient bone don’t just contain the DNA of the human they once belonged to, but also genetic material from any pathogens that the human might have been carrying around with them. She would be looking for genetic traces of systematic infections, like TB,

Other than this rejected paper no further ‘scientific’ work was submitted by Edward Jenner to the Royal Society for approval on the topic of vaccination, as Herbert Shelton explains, “Neither Jenner nor any of his successors ever re-presented the claims for this vaccine, together with proofs, to the Royal Society…”