The predictable responses to mistrust—engagement only where we feel we are making a difference, the transfer of public functions to private entities, transparency, disengagement, and fear—all present significant challenges to a culture of healthy civic engagement. Unfortunately, a more daunting challenge has emerged as a consequence of mistrust: th

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Since the 1960s, trust in the institutions of modernity has sunk, and the second decade of the 21st century saw the rise of populist movements that blatantly repudiate the ideals of the Enlightenment.1 They are tribalist rather than cosmopolitan, authoritarian rather than democratic, contemptuous of experts rather than respectful of knowledge, and

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