It wasn’t long, however, before Champlain recognized that in order to get premium northern furs (and at a better price), he had to deal directly with the Odawa and Ojibwe.

“Neither superior technology nor an overwhelming number of settlers made up the mainspring of the birth of the United States or the spread of its power over the entire world,” writes historian Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz. “Rather, the chief cause was the colonialist settler-state’s willingness to eliminate whole civilizations of people in order to possess

During the winter of 1777–1778, when Washington and his troops were starving at Valley Forge, the Oneida marched down and provided much needed supplies and support.

pain. I have tried to catch us not in the act of dying but, rather, in the radical act of living.

The protesters referred to themselves not as protesters but as water protectors. Theirs was a nonviolent protest

The Indian response to the Spanish was determined to a great extent by three constants of first contact: the spread of disease, attempts at slavery, and the spread of information.

They had become expert at playing with soft power, and they were prepared to make the most of the opportunity for gaming.

But as happened elsewhere, harbingers arrived first, in the form of trade goods and disease. Some of this arrived with waves of tribal newcomers as refugees from the coastal groups headed inland, sparking territorial conflicts well west of the Atlantic even before Europeans set foot in the contested territories.

the government stole Indian land in order to fund the theft of Indian children.