The most likely trajectory is Reform, where we respond to global crises but in an inadequate and piecemeal way that merely extends the curve outwards, to a greater or lesser extent. We manage to maintain our current civilisational pathway, with all its existing problems and inequalities, for some decades or possibly longer, but eventually hit an

History tells us that collective action works. Yet drawing a strict line between individual and communal endeavours is a false dichotomy. Our personal actions are not a pointless drop in the ocean, for the simple reason that their ripple effects can turn into waves.

At this moment in history the dominant force is clear: we live in an age of pathological short-termism.

This 500-year story reveals an essential truth: that time has transformed into a source of power.

Every city should be striving to empower its citizens so their phones become a pocket-sized tool for grassroots democratic renewal.

Temporal vision seldom extends further than a decade, although there are exceptions, such as NASA’s 30-year space exploration programme, the Chinese government’s 35-year National Plans and long-term seed banks. In general, the public future goes dark after around three decades. In 2020, it is difficult to find any governments, corporations or

‘We are the first generation to know that we face unprecedented global environmental risks, but at the same time we are the last generation with a significant chance to do something about it,’ warns the earth system scientist Johan Rockström.

If only we could all breathe the air that our children and grandchildren will be struggling to breathe in the future. If only we could feel the heat, feel the hunger, feel the insecurity they might face.

‘Do unto future generations as you would have past generations do unto you.’25 Think of it as an intergenerational Golden Rule that can be passed on from one generation to another – that is to say, a ‘golden baton’.