But as the dream of inevitable progress by doing good failed to materialize in most of the world, the political tenor has decidedly shifted away from the 20th century heydays of liberalism, inclusive globalism, and cosmopolitan network culture toward a balkanization of the political and cultural map.

Both worldviews claim to be on the ‘right side of history’ and put their faith in material progress, but neither anticipates the future with hope, thus precipitating a crisis of purpose and meaning.