What the White South confronted in the movement era was a paradigm shift. There was a model for sustaining White supremacy: terrorizing Black folks, the dispassionate acquiescence of the White North and the federal government, economic control, and an ideological hold on its ranks managed by humiliation and cruelty. But a model only holds as long

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The Age of Alloy Steel

The early 20th century, Konkel argues, was a world built with steel, almost all of which was produced in one of three locations: the UK, the Upper Midwest, or Central Europe. These regions were the locomotives that drove industrialization; they were also sources of the era’s strongest militaries. Given the need for steel to

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