Statistics for the Rest of Us: Mastering the Art of Understanding Data Without Math Skills (Advanced Thinking Skills Book 4)
Put simply, p-values tell us how likely it is that something happened for a reason, not just because of random chance.
Albert Rutherford • Statistics for the Rest of Us: Mastering the Art of Understanding Data Without Math Skills (Advanced Thinking Skills Book 4)
One of the most effective ways to get a representative sample is through a process of random sampling. Random sampling means that the sample group is chosen completely randomly (often by computer);
Albert Rutherford • Statistics for the Rest of Us: Mastering the Art of Understanding Data Without Math Skills (Advanced Thinking Skills Book 4)
the sample must be representative of the entire population, meaning it must share the same characteristics of it in the same proportions.
Albert Rutherford • Statistics for the Rest of Us: Mastering the Art of Understanding Data Without Math Skills (Advanced Thinking Skills Book 4)
Question 3: Given the data, is the conclusion drawn a logical one?
Albert Rutherford • Statistics for the Rest of Us: Mastering the Art of Understanding Data Without Math Skills (Advanced Thinking Skills Book 4)
Averages give us some information but not all the information we might need to understand a situation.
Albert Rutherford • Statistics for the Rest of Us: Mastering the Art of Understanding Data Without Math Skills (Advanced Thinking Skills Book 4)
clean. Cleaning data is exactly what it sounds like: looking through it to make sure it doesn't have any errors or duplicates, that it was collected accurately, and that it's in the right format for your computer (or you) to analyze.[xvi]
Albert Rutherford • Statistics for the Rest of Us: Mastering the Art of Understanding Data Without Math Skills (Advanced Thinking Skills Book 4)
In your everyday life, you don’t need to know the formula or even have a solid mathematical understanding of the theorem to use its basic principle.
Albert Rutherford • Statistics for the Rest of Us: Mastering the Art of Understanding Data Without Math Skills (Advanced Thinking Skills Book 4)
Pitfall #4: Failing to see biases
Albert Rutherford • Statistics for the Rest of Us: Mastering the Art of Understanding Data Without Math Skills (Advanced Thinking Skills Book 4)
Pitfall #3: Confusing Correlation with Causation
Albert Rutherford • Statistics for the Rest of Us: Mastering the Art of Understanding Data Without Math Skills (Advanced Thinking Skills Book 4)
you know that two phenomena are correlated, but you incorrectly label one as the cause of the other.