The stuff in, say, Angela Duckworth’s Grit is wisdom. You can tell because

1. It’s incredibly easy to understand—e.g. “sticking with long-term goals improves life outcomes”


2. But very difficult to apply to real life

So let’s look at some ways that advice is biased. Lottery numbers: When successful people give advice, I usually hear it like this: “Here are the lottery numbers I played: 14 29 71 33 8. They worked for me!” Success is based on so many factors. Some are luck. Some are not. It’s hard to know which are which. So which do you learn from? Underdog

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