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the jig-saw puzzle problem. Analysts are presented with information that may be akin to a jig-saw puzzle. Whilst the task of piecing together the pieces of a jig-saw puz-zle is already difficult, in this case, the jig-saw puzzle does not have the box top with a picture of the finished puzzle. Analysts are expected to piece together the dif-ferent p... See more

Sense-making has been explained as (Ancona, 2012)) (i) the process of “structuring the unknown” (Waterman, 1990), p. 41) by “placing stimuli into some kind of frame-work” that enables us “to comprehend, understand, ex-plain, attribute, extrapolate, and predict” (Starbuck & Milliken, 1988) p. 51

sense-making can be characterised by seven key properties, in-cluding being “driven by plausibility rather than accuracy”. (Patterson, Roth, & Woods, 1999) also report that when decision makers are faced with inaccurate representations of the real-world, they often fill-in the gaps.

n complex situations, analysts should also “... make clear the sinews of the reasoning” (Davis, 1997) by accounting for their considerations, how infor-mation was used to influenced their assessment, at which points in the analytic reasoning process were the infor-mation used, and even the sequence in which the infor-mation were used. Ideally, anal... See more

amplifying human capability to perform cognitive work by coupling technical functions with the human cognitive processes

nalysts are often faced with missing data. Sometimes they are aware of this, but often not. Because of missing elements of the needed data, analysts have to make guesses and adductive inferences to create plausible explanations that are developed via the Broadening / Narrowing model, rather than having access to “a full set of undisputed findings t... See more

These externalized logical concepts and results that may arise from various data analyses may manipulated and or-ganised in support of the analytic reasoning process. These externalized concepts represented as virtual cards in the user interface can be assembled in various ways to create tentative explanations that lead to more formal hypothe-ses. ... See more

The Thinking Landscape is a UI design concept that embodies the idea of externalizing the thinking and reasoning processes of the analyst in ways that gives abstract concepts a tangible ex-pression within the computer user interface

analysts engage in a narrowing and broaden-ing process as they learn more and refine their understand-ing of an intelligence problem or situation. Their findings eventually culminated into the Elm et al Conver-gent/Divergent model