Perhaps the first major horse-based society in Eurasia was the Yamnaya people, hypothesized to have emerged as an admixture of hunter-gatherers from the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. Their territory was the northern Caucasus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea (known as the Pontic-Caspian Steppe).

This book argues that it is now possible to solve the central puzzle surrounding Proto-Indo-European, namely, who spoke it, where was it spoken, and when.

They had discovered that the Scandinavian hunter-gatherers they sampled shared a majority of genetic variants with northern Europeans today, whereas the farmer possessed more variants found in the eastern Mediterranean, in Greece and Cyprus. It seemed there really had been a migration – and that farmers and hunter-gatherers had stayed largely