Level 1 was read-only; Levels 2 and 3 supported text and graphical editing with direct manipulation interactions; Level 4 added creating buttons and linking things together; Level 5 unlocked full programming using a scripting language called HyperTalk

How can users tweak the existing tools they’ve installed, rather than just making new siloed applications? How can AI-generated tools compose with one another to build up larger workflows over shared data? And how can we let users take more direct, precise control over tweaking their software, without needing to resort to AI coding for even the tin... See more

The original promise of personal computing was a new kind of clay—a malleable material that users could reshape at will. Instead, we got appliances: built far away, sealed, unchangeable. When your tools don’t work the way you need them to, you submit feedback and hope for the best. You’re forced to adapt your workflow to fit your software, when it ... See more

the tools and infrastructure we use to deploy software treat users as passive recipients rather than active co-creators. Software is organized into monolithic applications rather than flexible remixable toolkits.