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They are the descendants of Aaron, the brother of Moses, responsible for maintaining the Temple’s daily rites: the burning of incense, the lighting of lamps, the sounding of trumpets, and, of course, the sacrificial offerings.

we do know what they look like—we can view their names and faces carved on the walls of Ramses III’s mortuary temple at Medinet Habu. This ancient site is rich in both pictures and stately rows of hieroglyphic text. The invaders’ armor, weapons, clothing, boats, and oxcarts loaded with possessions are all clearly visible in the representations, so

Once a year he would confess the sins of Israel, and taking two goats, would sacrifice one and send the other, the “scapegoat,” into the wilderness.3 Already, though, before the destruction of the Temple, the priesthood no longer commanded the respect of significant sections of the population. For several generations it had become enmeshed in polit