This is to say that political actors routinely fail to understand themselves and their political opponents as making fallible knowledge-claims — fallible knowledge-claims about who won the  election, for example, falli-ble knowledge-claims claims about the effects of climate change, fallible knowledge-claims about the existence of systemic raci... See more

Ross and Ward de fi ned naïve realism as the assumption that one ’ s opinions are direct re fl ections of reality. The chief tenet of naïve realism is “ that I see things as they are, that is, that my beliefs, pre-ferences, and resulting responses follow from an essentially unmediated perception of relevant stimuli and incorporation of relevant evi... See more

A broader, more neutral de fi nition would equate ideology with any self-reinforcing web of interconnected beliefs