the 1878 Posse Comitatus Act forbade using the military against American citizens,

Debt, dependency, threats, and force, in that order, was the thinking of the day. These secret memos were written while Jefferson served as president of the United States.

Shortly after his inauguration in 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt concluded that US problems were serious enough to warrant devaluation of the dollar, among other aggressive policies. Under Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, only Congress had the power to “regulate” 6 the relationship between the dollar and gold, but FDR claimed that

Seven days later Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, giving legal sanction to the internment, in typically desperate conditions, of American citizens. It was a decision of a nation in panic, of a government that had lost its bearings, of

BEFORE THE WAR, Roosevelt’s New Deal had been constructed on the basis of specific authorization granted by Congress, but wartime urgencies required broader, less specific, authority. Congress quickly gave it to him—in two War Powers Acts granting the President enormous discretionary authority—and he quickly used it, and, in his role as wartime