as a system design challenge: you need a structure that allows local autonomy while maintaining systemic coherence. Decisions at one level can’t require perfect information about all others, yet they still need to nest into the broader context. Hierarchy works best when local optimization and global optimization point in the same direction.

the keys to effective delegation remain much the same: you build a team of competent people whom you trust, you establish goals and metrics to monitor their progress, you translate higher-level goals into specific responsibilities for your direct reports, and you reinforce them through process.