Second, many students are hesitant about showing their writing to anyone. The university environment can encourage students to see their colleagues as adversaries rather than advocates.

By the mid-1990s, calculators were part of the curriculum and were used to complement other ways of learning math. Some tests allowed them, some did not. A practical consensus was achieved. Math education did not fall apart, though debate and research continues today, a half century after the calculator appeared in classrooms.

To some extent, AI wil