people higher in intellectual humility were more interested in understanding the reasons that people disagree with them.

Listen to the master David Dunning of Dunning-Kruger fame gives four tips for managing overconfidence:72 Always be learning – It is a strange quirk of human behavior that the more you learn, the less certain you tend to become. Dunning suggests a lifelong commitment to learning as a paradoxical means by which to attain humility. Beware beginnings –

By humbly surrendering to this awareness, man may be forearmed. When we admit that we are gullible and easily seduced by the senses and deluded by glamour (including intellectual glamour), we have at least the beginning of discernment.

Humility, in the most general sense, refers to granting someone else a higher status than one claims for oneself. To be humiliated means to be publicly deprived of one’s claimed status, to lose face.