Islam was, above all, the strictest of monotheisms, reserving all devotion for God alone, hostile to any hint of polytheism or idolatry and censorious of the Christian doctrine of the Trinity.

We can agree with both statements in the Qur’an, acknowledging that Muslims make reference to the one God of Abraham, but at the same time insisting that in the incarnation and in the Spirit’s coming, the one God of Abraham has revealed Himself in a way that cannot be rolled back. To deny the witness of the incarnation and the resurrection is to