the promise of postapartheid South Africa has not been realized. For its part, Nigeria was a British colony for a century before gaining its independence in 1960. The country’s subsequent history can only be described as deeply troubled; its initial decades were marked by civil war, secessionist challenges, and military rule. Its politics seem to

Frontiers can be envisioned as peaceful trade zones where valuables are exchanged for the mutual benefit of both sides, with economic need preventing overt hostilities, or as places where distrust is magnified by cultural misunderstandings, negative stereotypes, and the absence of bridging institutions.

Having covered those misconceptions, I would like to speak about the undeniable influence of colonialism. Africa has been colonialized by many countries, most notably: Germany, Portugal, Spain, France, and England.

Colonialism results in, among other things, cultural and behavioral transfer. The slave trade and colonialism