John of the Cross is known for his writings. He was mentored by and corresponded with the older Carmelite Teresa of Ávila. Both his poetry and his studies on the development of the soul, particularly his Noche Obscura, are considered the summit of mystical Spanish literature and among the greatest works of all Spanish literature.

To participate in the active nights, John says it is best to take up one’s cross and to imitate Christ to the best of one’s ability. This involves not only following Jesus’ external behavior, but also his inner attitude of self-emptying and willingness. With Christ as the model, John emphasizes that liberation comes neither through understanding, n

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Such obscurity and attachment, followed by God-given clarity, liberation of love, and deepening of faith, are consistent hallmarks of the dark night of the soul.9 Often, this liberation results in a remarkable release of creative activity in the world. This is especially obvious in Teresa’s case. Once paralyzed by uncertainty and self-doubt, she we

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