An important thing to keep in mind is that requirements are unique to different sports and to different athletes.

The mental control of skills of elite athletes is different from that of those who are less skilled, which in turn is different from that of non-athletes. Even elite athletes in the same sport may differ from each other... See more

EDA - Galvanic Skin Response

EDA was used to assess expression of emotions and was considered an autonomic concomitant of individual differences in trait anxiety. EDA has been used to measure sweat responses prior to serving in tennis in order to determine the range of values associated with having a better serve. EDAs that were too high or too low... See more

To establish the efficacy of biofeedback/neurofeedback in sport, one needs to demonstrate at least the following.

1. that the system being monitored is relevant for optimal performance and changes in the system are associated with improved performance. For example, hand or foot temperature may not adversely affect a marathon runner and training the... See more

Viewing films. Blumenstein is an advocate of having athletes watch a video after they have learned to self-regulate using multi-modal biofeedback.

HRV

HRV biofeedback has been reported to improve reaction time and relaxation in wrestlers, batting performance in baseball players by 60%, and a golfer's score as well as a reduction in stress. HRV was also found to be a viable and convenient measure of arousal in golfers in pre-competitive situations.

Once an athlete demonstrates the ability to... See more

Surface Electromyography (SEMG)

When it comes to muscle tension, most athletes generally relax better, but some do not know how to relax. But a person can be trained to control muscle movement as small as one muscle fiber. Improved results with SEMG have been reported when specific muscles relevant to the sport performance are targeted. Wilson and... See more

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Surface Electromyography (SEMG) - Continued

It is important to train the correct muscles which create the power points until they become a conditioned reflex and to untrain the incorrect power points until they are no longer a conditioned reflex. These reflexes are typically deeply wired into the nervous system from extensive practice and it takes... See more

Typically, biofeedback and neurofeedback assessment and training include one or all of the following, generally integrated with mental training skill.

-SEMG in the trapezius and frontalis,

-palmar electrodermal activity, so EDA,

-heart rate

- heart rate variability

-respiration rate and hand surface temperature

- EEG at the FCz for relaxation and... See more