Barbary Wars
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Barbary Wars
The next global war was the Seven Years’ War between 1756 and 1763.
France quickly got even with its rival Great Britain during the U.S. War of Independence, beginning in 1776. France’s active intervention on the side of the breakaway British colonies was decisive for the Americans’ victory in their war of independence. Yet in the escalating contest between France and Britain, each victory contained the seeds of a
... See moreAlthough the final treaty was signed on September 3, 1783, the news was delayed for two months by transatlantic travel, and Washington didn’t find out indisputably that the war had ceased until November 1. To his horror, Congress promptly adjourned without making adequate provision for the peacetime army or overdue pay for his long-suffering men.
Federalists profited from the disastrous turn in Republicans’ fortunes produced by the XYZ Affair. France claimed the right to seize and confiscate British cargo aboard American ships; Adams promptly pushed through measures to protect American shipping and strengthen coastal defenses. In late April he signed legislation creating the Navy Department
... See moreAs the Navy was pressuring the Marine Corps’ planners to create island raiders and the Army was begrudgingly partnering with the Navy to create Scouts and Raiders for marking beaches but not really raiding anything beyond the high-water mark, another unit had already started performing the actual mission of the commando raid. Because that unit wasn
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