3-2-1: How to Solve Hard Problems, the Power of Reflection, and the Miracles of Daily Life

One useful mental model for thinking about this is the principle of inversion, popularized by German mathematician Carl Jacobi. He told his students to “invert, always invert,” encouraging them to approach difficult problems by inverting the equation to gain a new perspective.⁠1 We can also apply this principle to our lives. For example, instead of

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