Sublime

It creates an interlocking set of molecules that form a mesh that floats between the inner and outer membranes. The corset (known as the peptidoglycan layer) has the strength to withstand the force of the incoming water.

A single one of these proteins can safely hold 5,000 iron atoms, which it carefully dispenses, one atom at a time, as the microbe needs them.

point is that theories involving the organization of complex, small-molecule metabolic cycles, such as the reductive citric-acid cycle on mineral surfaces, have to make unreasonable assumptions about the catalytic properties of minerals and the ability of minerals to organize sequences of disparate reactions.

An effective antibiotic needs to disrupt a vital bacterial process without affecting related human processes.

You first mix the fatty acids that form the protocell together with the nucleic acid, then let the mixture dry out and rehydrate it or else subject it to freeze-thaw cycles, and nucleic acid is randomly encapsulated.

Remarkably, about half of all useful antibiotics target bacterial ribosomes.

The small subunit

is the first to assemble with the mRNA. Then the large subunit

double-stranded RNA had a powerful ability to interfere with gene expression.