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Alternative mRNA splicing is often regulated by tissue-specific proteins called splicing factors, which bind to certain sequences on the precursor mRNA and either enhance or discourage the use of certain splice sites.

only took a small double-stranded RNA, the length of about 21 base pairs, to shut down gene expression.

Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, created viruses with radioactive tracers in their DNA. They allowed the viruses to infect E. coli and then pulled off their empty husks in a fast-spinning centrifuge.

she had just discovered two new yeast genes that, when inactivated, caused the yeast to have ever shorter telomeres. She named the genes Est accordingly.

Type “NCBI blast” into your internet search engine, choose the top hit, choose Nucleotide BLAST or blastn, copy one or both of the entire gene sequences above, paste them under Enter Query Sequence, and press the button that says BLAST, which stands

larger vesicles aggregated rapidly upon RNA addition, whereas the smaller ones did not,

single-stranded regions of an RNA have a natural propensity to pair up with single-stranded regions of another RNA using complementary base pairs.

If DNA was the king of the biotech landscape, mRNA was a frail courier: a single-stranded molecule that ferried information from the nucleus to the part of the cell that made new proteins. Upon accomplishing this, mRNA disintegrated.