Sublime

People may think of Endo and Folkman as great inventors, but arguably their greatest skill was investigating failure. They learned to separate False Fails from true fails. Skill in investigating failure not only separates good scientists from great scientists but also good businessmen from great businessmen. In 2004, for example, when Facebook

The bottom line is that small changes in the communication structure can affect decisions.

In the world of biotech, struggling startups often try to buy time by selling tools and services to their much larger, richer cousins, the big pharmas. The goal is to survive long enough for the internal team to create a product—a strikingly original drug candidate. And that’s exactly what Pixar did in the world of film. It sold tools and services

I soon learned that Bush developed a new system, during the Second World War, for nurturing radical breakthroughs astonishingly fast. His system helped the Allies win that war, and the United States lead the world in science and technology ever since. Bush’s goal: that the US should be the initiator, not the victim, of innovative surprise. What

the key to life at 32 Fahrenheit: separate the phases (the groups working on loonshots and on franchises) and create dynamic equilibrium (ensure that projects and feedback travel easily between the two groups). Break apart while staying connected.