Sublime

Instead of sterilizing our mix, as is done in conventional agriculture, organic farmers let the beneficial fungi and bacteria and yeasts in the compost out-compete the disease-causing organisms.

Spleen:

By killing incoming viruses, they have become a primitive sort of immune system for the bacteria.

Interspaced with these repeats were snippets of sequence that, it emerged, came not from bacteria but rather from phages, the viruses that attack them. It seemed that the bacteria were keeping track of previous encounters with invading phages. The repeats were later found to direct the insertion of new phage sequences into the array, akin to updati

that chopped long double-stranded RNA into smaller pieces called small interfering RNAs (siRNAs).

Perhaps the founder has simply dedicated his life to the particular problem at hand. Orion Hindawi and his father, David, founded a

return the animals to the farm so their manure could be composted and used on site.

They mixed mutants together and let them mate for a short time before throwing them into a blender. Depending on how long the bacteria were allowed to mate, the recipient might or might not get a gene it needed to survive. By timing how long it took various genes to enter E. coli, Wollman and Jacob could create a genetic map.

Beadle and Tatum now created bread mold mutants. Some were unable to produce certain types of amino acids because they now lacked a key enzyme.